[動詞不定式和動名詞做主語的區別]動詞不定式與動名詞區別
動詞不定式與動名詞區別動詞不定式和動名詞的句法功能比較⒈不定式作主語動詞不定式作主語時,句子的謂語動詞常用單數,其位置有以下兩種:(1)把不定式置于句首.如:Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主語,把真正的主語不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如:①It be 名詞 todoIt"sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb sometime todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework③It be 形容詞 forsb todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.④It be 形容詞 ofsb todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.⑤Itseems(appears) 形容詞 todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示贊揚或批評的詞.在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語.這一句式有時相當于Sbis 形容詞 todo句式,如:It"skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⒉動名詞作主語Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.動名詞作主語時,也常用It句式.如:①It"s nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime) doing…It"snogoodreadingindimlight.It"snousesittingherewaiting.②It"s 形容詞 doingIt"sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary則不適用于這種結構,應用不定式代替,如:It"simportantforyoutokeepfit.③Thereisno doingThereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.在這一結構中,動名詞后常帶賓語,相當于"It"simpossibleto…"結構.⒊動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區別①不定式作主語經常表示具體動作,常與特定的動作執行者聯系在一起;而動名詞作主語經常表示抽象動作,經常不與特定的動作執行者聯系在一起.如:It"snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It"snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.②動名詞結構作主語,可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語.如:It"snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn"tknowtherules.二,作賓語⒈不定式作賓語①以下動詞后,只能跟不定式作賓語.如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,這些詞大部分可接that引導的從句.如:Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.②當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時,先用形式賓語it代替不定式,把不定式置于補語之后,即:主語 動詞 it 補語 todo句式.如:Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.③介詞but,except,besides todo(do)在這種句型中,如介詞前有動詞do,后面應接不帶to的不定式;如無do,則接to不定式,即帶do不帶to,帶to不帶do.如:Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.⒉動名詞作賓語①以下動詞后,只能接動名詞作賓語,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don"tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等.如:Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.②動名詞作介詞的賓語Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech動名詞前的介詞有時可以省略,如:havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等.⒊部分動詞后面,既可接動詞不定式,也可接動名詞作賓語,意義不變.如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等.在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被動意義,也可接不定式,但要用被動形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來事件,接動名詞表示目前正在進行的活動或一般的行為.在下列情況下,一般要用不定式:①hate,like,love前有would(should)時,如:I"dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②當謂語動詞begin,continue,start等是進行式時,如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態動詞連用時,如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語,或帶不定式作賓語補足語.如:Ourteachersdon"tpermitourswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon"tpermitustoswiminthelake.⒌部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時,意義差別較大,應根據句子語境選擇使用.①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示現在或未來的動作,接動名詞表示動作已經發生.如:Don"tforgetfoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirportRemembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.②meantodo打算做某事doing意味著……Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.③trytodo設法盡力做某事doing試著做某事Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的狀語)doing停止做某事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.You"dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.⑤can"thelpdoing禁不住……todo不能幫助干……Theycouldn"thelpjumpingupatthenews.SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan"thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同內容的事doing繼續不停地做某事,指同一動作的繼續Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接著又談了世界形勢.We"llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.⑦leaveofftodo離開某地去干什么(目的狀語)doing停下某事It"stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.Theyleftofftogofishing.三,做表語不定式作表語表示具體動作或將來動作;動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為.①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.當主語和表語都是不定式時,其含義一是條件,一是結果(例①).當主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組(例②)時,或以what引導的名詞性分句(例③),不定式說明主語的內容.④Ourworkisservingthepeople.⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句動名詞作表語,與主語部分可以轉換,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是現在分詞作表語,說明主語的性質,狀態,現在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征,另外,動名詞作表語還應與進行時態區別開來.四,作定語⒈不定式作定語不定式在句中作定語,置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后.如:①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關系:(1)表示將來的動作(例①).(2)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系,如是不及物動詞,則需加介詞(例④).(3)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系,同時與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系時,盡管有被動含義,卻仍用主動語態(例③);如只有動賓關系,而無邏輯上的主謂關系,則需用被動語態(例②).(4)不定式作定語時,一般可轉換為定語從句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive.⒉動名詞作定語①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.①②句動名詞作定語說明一種性能,即:用來……的;第③句為現在分詞作定語,單個分詞作定語常置于被修飾詞之前,與被修飾詞之間,可構成邏輯上的主謂關系,分詞短語作定語常置于被修飾詞之后.如:ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.五,不定式作補足語⒈作賓語補足語一些及物動詞除要求按賓語外,有時還需要有賓語補足語,說明賓語的行為,狀態,特征,這時意思才相對完整.(1)常要求不定式作賓補的動詞有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(強迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等.如:①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.(2)部分動詞后常接tobe 形容詞,名詞短語等形式,有時tobe可省略,如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等.①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.但當不定式是完成式時,to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.(3)感覺動詞和使役動詞后用作賓補的不定式須省略to.①Ididn"thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.這種句式在變為被動語態時,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可無.如:Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxformI"veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.(5)部分短語動詞后,常接不定式作賓補,如:Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.常這樣用的短語動詞有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望),preparefor,wishfor等.⒉作主語補足語不定式作主語補足語,和主語構成一種邏輯上的主謂關系.如:①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六,不定式作狀語⒈作目的狀語(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.(2)有時為了強調,不定式前可加inorder或soas.如:Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有時為強調目的狀語可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能這樣用.在這種句式中不定式部分可轉換為sothat,inorderthat,成為目的狀語從句,如:Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞,過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等.①Wearegladtohearthenews.②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容詞后接不定式,用主動形式表示被動意義,這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語.如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常這樣用的形容詞有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等.⒉作結果狀語Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中.如:①so…asto;such…astoI"mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來.I"mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.②enough…toThespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.③onlytoJanehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.④too…toI"mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列結構中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如:①I"monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考試及格我太高興了.(too修飾gladtohave…,相當于very)②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我們要學的太多了(不定式作定語).⒊不定式短語還可作獨立成分,用于句首,句中或句末.如:Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常見的短語有tobeexact(確切地說),tobeginwith(首先),todohimjustice(說句對他公道的話),tobesure(真的)等等.七,動詞不定式,動名詞的其它用法⒈疑問詞 不定式結構疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構成不定式短語,在句中作主語,賓語,表語等.如:①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.②Mr.Smithdidn"tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.以上例句中疑問詞 不定式部分,均可轉換為相應的從句形式.如:①Whenweshallleave…③…howIcouldlearn…經常在這種結構中使用的動詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等.⒉動詞不定式的時態,語態(1)時態①一般式:動詞不定式一般式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之后,有時表示同時發生.如:Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(tobecome發生在hope之后)WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.(play和hear同時發生)②完成式:表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前.如:I"msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.③進行式:表示的動作與謂語動詞同時發生.如:TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.(2)語態如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動語態形式.如:It"sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary"sbirthdayparty.(不定式作主語)Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.(不定式作主語)Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.(不定式作賓語)Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired(不定式作定語)Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作狀語)在Therebe結構中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動,也可用主動.如:Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有時兩種形式表達的意思不同,如:Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)⒊動名詞的時態,語態(1)時態①一般式:動名詞的一般式所表示的動作可以是泛指,也可與謂語動詞同時發生,或發生在謂語動作之前,之后.如:Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Wearenotafraidofdying.②完成式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前.如:Imaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.(2)被動語態①如果動名詞的邏輯主語為動名詞所表示的動作的承受者,動名詞要用被動語態,動名詞的被動語態有一般式與完成式之分.如:Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.②有些動詞后的動名詞用主動形式,但表示被動意義.如:Thebikeneedsrepairing.Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.⒋在口語中,為避免重復,常用"to"代替不定式結構,有時甚至可以把to省略.如:①-DidyougotovisittheGreatWall-No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn"tenoughtime.②-Wouldyouliketocometoaparty-I"dloveto.③-Don"tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou-I"lltrynotto.④-Trytobebackby12,won"tyou-OK,I"lltry.另外,begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于這一結構中.⒌在why引起的問句中,省略"to".如:WhyspendsuchalotofmoneyWhynotwaitforacoupleofdays⒍當兩個或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用時,只在第一個不定式前加"to".如:It"squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.⒎"to"在下列短語中是"介詞",后接動名詞或名詞形式.如:devote…to,faceupto(勇敢地面對),lookforwardto(盼望),objectto(反對),taketo(養成習慣,對……感興趣;開始從事某種活動),be本文來源：http://www.lsjse.com/gongzuobaogao/104891.html